CHAPTER 21 Biopsychosocial Issues in Gastroenterology Douglas
نویسنده
چکیده
Conceptualization of Gastrointestinal Illness 337 Biomedical Model 337 Biopsychosocial Model 338 Early Life 339 Early Learning 339 Culture and Family 340 Psychosocial Environment 340 Life Stress and Abuse 341 Psychological Factors 341 Coping and Social Support 342 Brain-Gut Axis 342 Stress and Gastrointestinal Function 342 Role of Neurotransmitters 343 Regulation of Visceral Pain 343 Effects of Stress on Immune Function and Disease Susceptibility 345 Cytokines and the Brain 346 Symptom Experience and Behavior 346 Outcome 346 Clinical Applications 346 History 347 Evaluating the Data 347 Diagnostic Decision Making 347 Treatment Approach 348 Establishing a Therapeutic Relationship 348 Psychopharmacologic Treatment 348 Psychotherapy and Behavioral Treatments 349 Physician-Related Issues 349
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